Will Insurance Cover Latisse? 8+ Key Facts!


Will Insurance Cover Latisse? 8+ Key Facts!

The phrase “will insurance coverage cowl latisse” represents an inquiry concerning the monetary duty of medical insurance suppliers for the prescription treatment Latisse. This treatment is primarily used to deal with hypotrichosis of the eyelashes, a situation characterised by insufficient or inadequate eyelashes. People contemplating this remedy typically search to know if their insurance coverage coverage will offset the associated fee.

The protection standing of prescription drugs is critical because it immediately impacts accessibility and affordability. A optimistic willpower of protection can considerably scale back out-of-pocket bills, making the remedy extra accessible to a wider inhabitants. Traditionally, beauty procedures or therapies have typically been excluded from insurance coverage protection; nevertheless, the medical necessity of a remedy can affect this choice. Understanding these components is important for people exploring choices to handle inadequate eyelash development.

The next sections will delve into the determinants of protection choices, discover frequent causes for denials, and description methods for interesting protection determinations associated to prescriptions for eyelash development drugs. The article can even tackle various choices for managing the prices related to this particular remedy.

1. Formulary Inclusion

The inclusion of a medicine on an insurance coverage plan’s formulary is a main determinant of whether or not the plan will present protection. Within the context of “will insurance coverage cowl latisse,” formulary standing is the preliminary hurdle to beat; if Latisse shouldn’t be listed, protection is very unlikely.

  • Formulary Tiers and Value Sharing

    Insurance coverage formularies are usually structured into tiers, every related to a unique degree of cost-sharing. Latisse’s tier placement considerably impacts out-of-pocket bills. If Latisse is included on the next tier (e.g., specialty medicine), the copay or coinsurance could also be substantial, even whether it is technically coated. Conversely, placement on a most popular tier ends in decrease prices. The formulary tier construction immediately influences affordability, even when a medicine is listed.

  • Formulary Exclusions and Options

    Insurance policy might explicitly exclude sure drugs or courses of medicines from their formularies. Within the case of “will insurance coverage cowl latisse,” the plan may exclude all drugs supposed for beauty functions, no matter their medical purposes. Alternatively, the plan might embrace options, corresponding to generic variations or different drugs supposed to deal with the identical situation, whereas particularly excluding Latisse. Understanding the plan’s exclusions and out there options is essential.

  • Formulary Updates and Opinions

    Insurance coverage formularies will not be static; they’re topic to periodic updates and evaluations. Medicines could also be added, eliminated, or have their tier placement adjusted. Which means even when Latisse was beforehand coated underneath a selected insurance coverage plan, its protection standing might change. Sufferers ought to repeatedly confirm their plan’s formulary to make sure continued protection and concentrate on any adjustments which will have an effect on their entry to the treatment.

  • Negotiated Pricing and Producer Rebates

    Insurance coverage firms negotiate pricing with pharmaceutical producers to acquire favorable charges for drugs included of their formularies. These negotiations can contain rebates, reductions, or different cost-saving measures. The inclusion of Latisse on a formulary could also be contingent upon the producer providing an appropriate value to the insurance coverage firm. This demonstrates the interaction between market forces and insurance coverage protection choices.

In abstract, formulary inclusion is an important consideration when figuring out “will insurance coverage cowl latisse.” Tier placement, exclusions, updates, and negotiated pricing every play a task within the final price to the affected person. Checking the particular plan’s formulary is a vital first step in figuring out whether or not the treatment is eligible for protection and what the related prices will likely be.

2. Medical Necessity

The idea of medical necessity considerably influences whether or not insurance coverage offers protection for Latisse. Whereas primarily marketed for beauty functions, the rationale behind its prescription dictates the chance of reimbursement. Insurance coverage suppliers usually require demonstrable medical necessity earlier than approving protection for therapies that could possibly be thought of elective. As an illustration, if eyelash hypotrichosis is a direct consequence of a medical situation or remedy, corresponding to alopecia areata or chemotherapy-induced hair loss, the argument for medical necessity strengthens significantly. A doctor’s documentation explicitly linking the situation to the prescription is essential. With out this justification, the request for protection typically faces denial.

The excellence between beauty enhancement and addressing a medical situation is paramount. A affected person in search of Latisse solely for aesthetic enchancment is much less prone to safe protection in comparison with a person whose eyelash loss impacts their bodily or psychological well-being resulting from an underlying medical difficulty. Insurance coverage firms typically have particular standards for figuring out medical necessity, together with the severity of the situation, its influence on the affected person’s high quality of life, and the supply of different therapies. Pre-authorization processes typically contain submitting detailed medical data to substantiate the declare of medical necessity.

Finally, the phrase “will insurance coverage cowl latisse” is immediately depending on establishing medical necessity. Efficiently demonstrating that Latisse shouldn’t be merely for beauty enchancment however is a vital element of treating a medical situation considerably will increase the probabilities of protection. Navigating this course of requires clear and complete documentation from the prescribing doctor and a radical understanding of the insurance coverage plan’s particular necessities for figuring out medical necessity. Lack of adequate documentation typically results in denial, highlighting the vital position of doctor involvement within the pre-approval course of.

3. Plan Exclusions

Plan exclusions are a vital element in figuring out whether or not insurance coverage will cowl Latisse. Insurance coverage insurance policies explicitly record providers, therapies, or drugs they don’t cowl. These exclusions immediately reply the query, “will insurance coverage cowl latisse,” if the particular plan categorically denies protection for beauty therapies or drugs primarily used for aesthetic functions. The presence of such an exclusion usually ends in computerized denial of protection, regardless of a doctor’s prescription or perceived medical necessity by the affected person. For instance, a plan might state “beauty procedures and drugs” will not be coated, successfully precluding protection for Latisse, even when the person argues for off-label use or psychological misery associated to hypotrichosis. The cause-and-effect relationship is direct: an exclusion exists, due to this fact protection is denied. Understanding these exclusions is due to this fact important earlier than pursuing a prescription and incurring prices.

The importance of plan exclusions extends past easy denial; it additionally dictates the parameters for potential appeals or exceptions. Even with a powerful medical justification, overcoming a transparent and unambiguous exclusion could be exceptionally difficult. Some plans might provide riders or supplemental protection that tackle particular exclusions, however these are sometimes expensive and should impose limitations. Moreover, the interpretation of what constitutes a “beauty” remedy could be subjective, resulting in disputes. A person whose hypotrichosis stems from a medical situation, corresponding to thyroid dysfunction, may argue that Latisse addresses a symptom of that situation and is due to this fact not strictly beauty. Nonetheless, the insurance coverage firm should classify it as such, citing the treatment’s main indication. The sensible significance lies within the want for sufferers to totally evaluate their coverage paperwork and perceive all related exclusions previous to in search of remedy, to keep away from sudden monetary burdens.

In conclusion, plan exclusions function a basic barrier to insurance coverage protection for Latisse. These exclusions will not be merely procedural formalities however definitive statements of what a coverage is not going to cowl. Navigating the complexities of exclusions requires cautious examination of coverage paperwork, a transparent understanding of the excellence between medical necessity and beauty enhancement, and a practical evaluation of the chance of overturning a denial primarily based on an outlined exclusion. Finally, the existence of a related plan exclusion typically offers a definitive reply to the query of “will insurance coverage cowl latisse,” emphasizing the significance of due diligence earlier than initiating remedy.

4. Prior authorization

Prior authorization is a course of carried out by insurance coverage firms to handle prescription drug prices and guarantee acceptable treatment use. Within the context of figuring out “will insurance coverage cowl latisse,” prior authorization acts as a major procedural checkpoint that have to be efficiently navigated to safe protection. This course of introduces a layer of scrutiny past merely having a prescription from a licensed doctor.

  • Necessity of Justification

    Prior authorization requires physicians to offer detailed justification for prescribing Latisse. This contains documentation of the affected person’s medical historical past, the particular analysis resulting in the prescription, and a rationale for why Latisse is deemed probably the most acceptable remedy choice. Inadequate justification is a typical trigger for denial. An instance can be prescribing Latisse for easy beauty enhancement with out documenting a medical necessity, corresponding to chemotherapy-induced hypotrichosis. The doctor should articulate why different, doubtlessly cheaper, options will not be appropriate.

  • Alignment with Formulary and Medical Insurance policies

    The prior authorization course of assesses whether or not the prescribed use of Latisse aligns with the insurance coverage plan’s formulary and established medical insurance policies. Plans typically have particular standards for approving drugs like Latisse, specializing in components such because the severity of the situation, earlier therapies tried, and potential contraindications. If the prescription doesn’t meet these standards, prior authorization is usually denied. This step ensures that the prescribed remedy aligns with the insurer’s established pointers for acceptable and cost-effective care.

  • Impression on Affected person Entry and Delays

    The requirement for prior authorization can introduce delays in affected person entry to Latisse. The method includes the doctor submitting the required documentation to the insurance coverage firm, which then evaluations the data and decides. This evaluate interval can vary from a number of days to weeks, throughout which the affected person can’t receive the treatment. Such delays could be notably problematic when immediate remedy is desired or vital as a result of affected person’s situation. Even with approval, the delay might deter some sufferers from pursuing the remedy.

  • Enchantment Mechanisms for Denials

    If prior authorization is denied, sufferers and physicians have the appropriate to attraction the choice. The appeals course of usually includes submitting further info to assist the case for protection, corresponding to professional opinions or extra detailed medical data. Understanding the insurance coverage plan’s particular appeals course of and timelines is essential for efficiently difficult a denial. Nonetheless, even with a well-documented attraction, there isn’t a assure that the preliminary denial will likely be overturned. The result typically is determined by the particular particulars of the case and the insurer’s interpretation of medical necessity.

In abstract, prior authorization is a vital step in figuring out “will insurance coverage cowl latisse.” It acts as a gatekeeper, requiring physicians to justify the medical necessity of the prescription and making certain that it aligns with the insurance coverage plan’s formulary and medical insurance policies. Whereas prior authorization can assist management prices and promote acceptable treatment use, it could additionally introduce delays and limitations to entry for sufferers in search of Latisse. Understanding the method and making ready complete documentation are important for navigating this hurdle and rising the chance of protection.

5. Beauty Procedures

The categorization of a remedy as a beauty process considerably impacts the willpower of whether or not insurance coverage will cowl it. Inquiries concerning “will insurance coverage cowl latisse” are steadily met with skepticism as a result of Latisse is commonly perceived as a remedy for beauty enhancement reasonably than a medically vital intervention. This notion stems from its main use in addressing hypotrichosis of the eyelashes, a situation that, in lots of circumstances, doesn’t inherently impair bodily well being or operate. In consequence, insurance coverage insurance policies typically exclude protection for procedures and drugs deemed solely beauty, immediately affecting the reply to “will insurance coverage cowl latisse.” A standard instance is the express exclusion of aesthetic therapies from commonplace medical insurance plans, reflecting a prioritization of therapies addressing medical circumstances over these enhancing bodily look. The sensible significance of this understanding lies within the want for sufferers and physicians to exhibit the medical necessity of Latisse, transferring past a purely beauty rationale to safe insurance coverage protection.

Additional complicating the problem is the evolving definition of “beauty” and “medically vital.” Whereas some circumstances of hypotrichosis are purely aesthetic, others might stem from underlying medical circumstances corresponding to alopecia areata, thyroid issues, or the negative effects of chemotherapy. In these situations, the argument for Latisse as a remedy addressing a symptom of a medical situation good points traction. Insurance coverage firms might require detailed documentation from a doctor establishing this hyperlink, together with medical data, diagnostic take a look at outcomes, and a transparent clarification of how the eyelash loss impacts the affected person’s general well being or psychological well-being. For instance, extreme eyelash loss following chemotherapy can result in psychological misery and impaired shallowness, doubtlessly justifying using Latisse as a medically vital intervention to enhance the affected person’s high quality of life. This highlights the nuanced interaction between beauty notion and medical actuality, underscoring the necessity for thorough analysis and documentation when in search of insurance coverage protection.

In conclusion, the classification of Latisse as a beauty process presents a major problem to acquiring insurance coverage protection. Whereas its main indication is commonly seen as aesthetic enhancement, demonstrating a direct hyperlink to an underlying medical situation or the remedy thereof can strengthen the argument for medical necessity and improve the chance of reimbursement. Sufferers and physicians should navigate the complexities of insurance coverage insurance policies, offering clear and complete documentation to assist their claims. Finally, the reply to “will insurance coverage cowl latisse” typically hinges on efficiently distinguishing between beauty enhancement and medically justified remedy, a distinction that requires cautious consideration and compelling proof.

6. Hypotrichosis analysis

A confirmed analysis of hypotrichosis is a pivotal ingredient in figuring out the chance of insurance coverage protection for Latisse. Whereas the treatment is indicated for this particular conditioninadequate or inadequate eyelashesthe mere presence of hypotrichosis doesn’t routinely assure protection. The specificity and etiology of the analysis are vital components thought of by insurance coverage suppliers when evaluating a declare for reimbursement. A analysis merely labeled “hypotrichosis” with out additional clarification could also be inadequate. A extra detailed analysis specifying the underlying trigger, corresponding to chemotherapy-induced hypotrichosis or hypotrichosis secondary to alopecia areata, offers stronger justification for protection. The connection lies in demonstrating that the eyelash deficiency shouldn’t be merely a beauty concern however a direct consequence of a medical situation or its remedy.

Insurance coverage firms typically scrutinize the diagnostic standards used to determine hypotrichosis and its severity. Standardized scales or photographic documentation could also be required to objectively assess the diploma of eyelash loss. This goal evaluation is essential in differentiating between regular variations in eyelash density and a real medical situation warranting remedy. As an illustration, a affected person with minimal eyelash thinning could be denied protection, whereas a person with important eyelash loss inflicting practical impairment or psychological misery could also be permitted. The analysis, due to this fact, must be supported by scientific proof and exhibit a measurable influence on the affected person’s well-being. The absence of a transparent and well-documented analysis weakens the case for medical necessity, considerably impacting the response to the inquiry of “will insurance coverage cowl latisse.”

In conclusion, a well-defined and substantiated hypotrichosis analysis is a cornerstone within the strategy of securing insurance coverage protection for Latisse. The diagnostic specificity, severity evaluation, and underlying trigger all contribute to the power of the declare. The challenges lie in offering adequate scientific proof and demonstrating the medical necessity of remedy past purely beauty enhancement. A radical understanding of the insurance coverage supplier’s diagnostic standards and documentation necessities is important for navigating the complexities of protection willpower and rising the probabilities of a optimistic end result concerning whether or not the insurance coverage will cowl the treatment.

7. Tier placement

Tier placement inside an insurance coverage formulary considerably influences the out-of-pocket price related to a prescription treatment. When contemplating “will insurance coverage cowl latisse,” it’s essential to know that protection doesn’t essentially equate to affordability. Tier placement determines the extent of cost-sharing a affected person incurs.

  • Formulary Tiers and Value-Sharing

    Insurance coverage formularies categorize medicine into tiers, every with a unique cost-sharing construction. Decrease tiers usually embrace generic medicine with minimal copays, whereas larger tiers embody brand-name and specialty drugs with progressively larger copays or coinsurance percentages. Latisse, as a brand-name drug, is unlikely to be positioned on a decrease tier. Its tier placement immediately impacts the affected person’s monetary duty, even when the treatment is technically “coated” by the insurance coverage plan.

  • Impression on Affordability

    The upper the tier on which Latisse is positioned, the larger the affected person’s out-of-pocket expense. This will vary from a considerable copay per prescription to a major share of the drug’s whole price. For instance, if Latisse is on a specialty tier, the affected person could be chargeable for 25% to 50% of the treatment’s value, doubtlessly rendering it unaffordable regardless of insurance coverage protection. Affordability, due to this fact, turns into a vital issue even when protection exists, immediately influencing the affected person’s choice to fill the prescription.

  • Negotiated Pricing and Tier Task

    Insurance coverage firms negotiate drug costs with pharmaceutical producers. The negotiated value and any rebates or reductions secured can affect the tier placement of a selected treatment. If the producer provides important price concessions, the insurance coverage firm could also be extra inclined to put the drug on a decrease tier. Nonetheless, if the producer doesn’t provide adequate reductions, the treatment could also be positioned on the next tier, rising the affected person’s price burden. These negotiations not directly have an effect on the buyer’s “will insurance coverage cowl latisse” equation by influencing the last word value.

  • Tier Exceptions and Appeals

    In sure circumstances, it might be attainable to request a tier exception from the insurance coverage firm. This includes demonstrating that the prescribed treatment is medically vital and that lower-tier options will not be acceptable for the affected person’s particular situation. The success of a tier exception request is determined by the person insurance coverage plan’s insurance policies and the power of the medical justification offered by the prescribing doctor. Efficiently interesting the next tier placement can considerably scale back the out-of-pocket price, making the treatment extra accessible to the affected person.

In conclusion, whereas the preliminary query “will insurance coverage cowl latisse” might elicit a optimistic response, the following willpower of tier placement dictates the monetary accessibility of the treatment. Understanding the intricacies of tier constructions, potential cost-sharing obligations, and the opportunity of tier exceptions is important for making knowledgeable choices concerning remedy choices and navigating the complexities of insurance coverage protection. The final word worth of protection is due to this fact depending on the affordability afforded by its tier project.

8. Appeals course of

The appeals course of represents a proper mechanism for contesting an insurance coverage firm’s denial of protection. Within the context of “will insurance coverage cowl latisse,” understanding and successfully using the appeals course of is vital when preliminary claims for reimbursement are rejected.

  • Grounds for Enchantment

    Appeals are usually initiated when an insurance coverage firm denies protection for Latisse primarily based on causes corresponding to lack of medical necessity, categorization as a beauty process, or plan exclusions. The premise for the attraction have to be clearly articulated, typically requiring the submission of further medical documentation, professional opinions, or persuasive arguments difficult the insurer’s rationale. A powerful attraction demonstrates why the preliminary denial was incorrect and why Latisse must be coated underneath the particular insurance coverage plan. As an illustration, if the denial was primarily based on lack of medical necessity, an attraction would necessitate presenting compelling proof of the underlying medical situation contributing to hypotrichosis.

  • Ranges of Enchantment

    The appeals course of typically includes a number of ranges of evaluate, beginning with an inside evaluate by the insurance coverage firm and doubtlessly escalating to an exterior evaluate by an unbiased third celebration. Every degree requires the submission of more and more detailed documentation and arguments. Failure to exhaust all ranges of attraction can preclude additional authorized motion. The iterative nature of the method emphasizes the significance of meticulous record-keeping and constant advocacy all through every stage. Escalating to an exterior evaluate board offers a chance for an neutral evaluation of the medical necessity and appropriateness of Latisse remedy, providing a last avenue for securing protection.

  • Documentation Necessities

    Profitable appeals necessitate complete documentation, together with detailed medical data, doctor statements, images, and peer-reviewed literature supporting using Latisse for the particular situation. The documentation ought to clearly tackle the explanations for the preliminary denial and supply compelling proof of medical necessity. Inadequate or poorly organized documentation weakens the attraction and will increase the chance of continued denial. For instance, if the attraction relies on a analysis of alopecia areata inflicting hypotrichosis, medical data confirming the analysis, remedy historical past, and the influence of eyelash loss on the affected person’s high quality of life must be included.

  • Time Constraints and Deadlines

    The appeals course of is topic to strict time constraints and deadlines. Failure to stick to those deadlines can lead to the forfeiture of the appropriate to attraction. Insurance coverage firms usually present a restricted window for initiating an attraction and for submitting further documentation. Managing these deadlines requires diligent monitoring and proactive communication with the insurance coverage supplier. Lacking a deadline can necessitate beginning the method anew, delaying entry to remedy and doubtlessly incurring further prices. Due to this fact, well timed adherence to the prescribed timelines is essential for preserving the chance to problem a denial and finally safe protection for Latisse.

The appeals course of is due to this fact integral to addressing denials associated to the query of “will insurance coverage cowl latisse.” Successfully navigating this course of, from understanding the grounds for attraction to assembly documentation necessities and adhering to strict deadlines, considerably enhances the prospects of overturning an preliminary denial and acquiring the required protection for remedy.

Ceaselessly Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent queries concerning insurance coverage protection for Latisse, offering factual info to help in understanding protection prospects.

Query 1: What components most importantly affect whether or not insurance coverage will cowl Latisse?

A number of components are vital. These embrace the treatment’s presence on the insurance coverage plan’s formulary, a willpower of medical necessity, and the absence of express plan exclusions for beauty therapies.

Query 2: How can “medical necessity” be established for a Latisse prescription?

Medical necessity could be demonstrated by offering documentation that hypotrichosis is secondary to a medical situation, corresponding to alopecia areata or chemotherapy-induced hair loss. This documentation ought to come from a professional doctor and clearly articulate the hyperlink between the underlying medical situation and the necessity for Latisse.

Query 3: If an insurance coverage plan excludes beauty procedures, is there any risk of protection for Latisse?

Overcoming a beauty process exclusion could be difficult, however not unimaginable. If the hypotrichosis considerably impacts psychological well-being or practical skill (e.g., safety of the eyes), an attraction primarily based on medical necessity with supporting documentation could also be thought of.

Query 4: What position does prior authorization play in figuring out protection for Latisse?

Prior authorization serves as a gatekeeper. It requires physicians to justify the prescription of Latisse by demonstrating that the affected person meets particular standards outlined by the insurance coverage plan. Failure to acquire prior authorization usually ends in denial of protection.

Query 5: If an preliminary declare is denied, what steps could be taken to attraction the choice?

The appeals course of includes submitting further documentation, corresponding to medical data, doctor statements, and peer-reviewed literature, to assist the declare for protection. Understanding the insurance coverage plan’s particular appeals course of and adhering to all deadlines is important.

Query 6: How does the tier placement of Latisse throughout the insurance coverage formulary have an effect on the out-of-pocket price?

The tier placement dictates the extent of cost-sharing. Greater tiers typically correspond to larger copays or coinsurance percentages. Even when Latisse is roofed, placement on the next tier can considerably improve the out-of-pocket expense for the affected person.

The previous solutions present a basic overview. Particular person insurance policy differ, and consulting the particular coverage paperwork and contacting the insurance coverage supplier immediately are really helpful for personalised info.

The next part explores various cost-saving measures for buying Latisse.

Navigating the Prices

This part presents methods for managing the price of Latisse when insurance coverage protection is unavailable or inadequate. The intent is to offer actionable info for people in search of cost-effective options.

Tip 1: Discover Producer Financial savings Applications: Pharmaceutical firms typically provide affected person help applications or low cost playing cards. Examine whether or not Allergan, the producer of Latisse, offers such choices. Eligibility usually is determined by revenue and insurance coverage standing.

Tip 2: Evaluate Costs at Completely different Pharmacies: Prescription drug costs can differ considerably between pharmacies. Name native pharmacies and on-line retailers to check prices. Think about each unbiased pharmacies and bigger chain shops.

Tip 3: Inquire About Generic Options: Whereas a direct generic equal of Latisse shouldn’t be at the moment out there, inquire with a doctor about various drugs or therapies which may be extra inexpensive and obtain related outcomes. Bear in mind that outcomes might differ.

Tip 4: Think about Buying from Canadian Pharmacies: Ordering prescribed drugs from licensed Canadian pharmacies can generally be cheaper. Confirm the pharmacy’s legitimacy and be certain that the treatment is FDA-approved or its equal in Canada.

Tip 5: Consider Affected person Help Applications: Sure nonprofit organizations and affected person advocacy teams provide help with treatment prices. Analysis applications that particularly tackle beauty or dermatological therapies.

Tip 6: Focus on Choices with Your Doctor: Overtly talk about the monetary constraints with the prescribing doctor. They are able to present samples, recommend various remedy methods, or join sufferers with sources to decrease prices.

Implementing these cost-saving methods can considerably scale back the monetary burden of Latisse remedy, enhancing affordability and accessibility.

The next part summarizes the important components for figuring out protection possibilities.

Will Insurance coverage Cowl Latisse

This exploration of the query, “will insurance coverage cowl latisse,” has revealed a panorama characterised by a number of determinants and potential limitations. Formulary inclusion, demonstration of medical necessity, absence of plan exclusions, profitable navigation of prior authorization necessities, and acceptable tier placement all contribute to the last word protection choice. The interaction of those components necessitates thorough investigation of particular person insurance coverage plan insurance policies and proactive communication with each the insurer and prescribing doctor. The notion of Latisse as a beauty remedy stays a major obstacle to protection, requiring strong justification of medical want to beat this hurdle. Value mitigation methods are important when insurance coverage protection proves insufficient or unattainable.

The choice to pursue Latisse remedy requires cautious consideration of economic implications. Whereas protection is feasible underneath particular circumstances, the onus rests on the person to know their insurance coverage plan’s necessities and advocate for his or her wants. A proactive strategy, coupled with complete documentation and knowledgeable decision-making, maximizes the chance of securing inexpensive entry to this treatment.